By Carolyn Stephenson January Introduction Nation-building is a normative concept that means different things to different people. The latest conceptualization is essentially that nation-building programs are those in which dysfunctional or unstable or "failed states" or economies are given assistance in the development of governmental infrastructure, civil society, dispute resolution Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. by Robert D. Putnam (New York: Simon & Schuster, ). In a groundbreaking book based on vast data, Putnam shows how we have become increasingly disconnected from family, friends, neighbors, and our democratic structures– and how we may reconnect Boston College Essay Prompt. All applicants, except those applying for the Human-Centered Engineering (HCE) major, should respond to one of prompts # listed blogger.comts applying to the HCE major must respond to prompt #6 only. The writing supplement topics for the application cycle ( word limit)
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Bowling is a target sport and recreational activity in which a player rolls a ball toward pins in pin bowling or another target in target bowling. The term bowling usually refers to pin bowling most commonly ten-pin bowlingbowling alone essay, though in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries, bowling could also refer to target bowling, such as lawn bowls.
In pin bowling, the goal is to knock over pins on a long playing surface known as a lane. A strike is achieved when all the pins are knocked down on the first roll, and a spare is achieved if all the pins are knocked over on a second roll. Lanes have a wood or synthetic surface onto which protective lubricating oil is applied in different specified oil patterns that vary ball path trajectories and characteristics.
Common types of pin bowling include ten-pincandlepinduckpinnine-pinfive-pin and kegel. The historical game skittles is the forerunner of modern pin bowling. In target bowling, the aim is usually to get the ball as close to bowling alone essay mark as possible. The surface in target bowling may be grass, gravel, or synthetic.
Bowling is played by million people in more than 90 countries including 70 million in the United States alone[2] and is the subject of video games. Five main variations are found in North Americawith ten-pin being the most common but others being practiced in the eastern U. and in parts of Canada : [3]. Another form of bowling is usually played outdoors on a lawn.
At outdoor bowling, the players throw a ball, which is sometimes eccentrically weighted, in an attempt to put it closest to a designated point or slot in the bowling arena. Ex: Bocce Ball, and Italian lawn game. The earliest known forms of bowling date back to ancient Egypt[5] with wall drawings depicting bowling being found in a royal Egyptian tomb dated to BC and miniature pins and balls in an Egyptian child's grave about BC. Balls were made using the husks of grains, covered in a material such as leather, and bound with string.
Other balls made of porcelain have also been found, indicating that these were rolled along the ground rather than thrown due to their size and weight, bowling alone essay. Bowling games of different forms are also noted by Herodotus as an invention of the Lydians in Asia Minor. About 2, years ago, in the Roman Empirea similar game bowling alone essay between Roman legionaries entailing the tossing of stone objects as close as possible to other stone objects, which eventually evolved into Italian Bocceor outdoor bowling.
Around AD, bowling began in Germany as a religious ritual to cleanse oneself from sin by rolling a rock into a club kegel representing the heathen, resulting in bowlers being called keglers.
Inthe oldest-surviving known bowling green for target style bowling was built: Master's Close now the Old Bowling Green of the Southampton Bowling Club in Southampton, Englandwhich is still in use. Inlaws were passed in Berlin and Cologne bowling alone essay limited bets on lawn bowling to five shillings. Inthe first official mention of bowling in England was made, when King Edward III banned it as a distraction to archery practice.
In the bowling alone essay centuries, lawn bowling spread from Germany into Austria, Switzerland, bowling alone essay, and the Low Countries, with playing surfaces made of cinders or baked clay.
Inlawn bowling lanes in London were first roofed-over, turning bowling into an all-weather game. Ina public feast was held in Frankfurt, Germanywith a venison dinner followed by lawn bowling. InEnglish King Henry VIII was an avid bowler. He banned bowling for the lower classes and imposed a levy for private lanes to limit them to the wealthy, bowling alone essay.
Inhe acquired Whitehall Palace in central London as bowling alone essay new residence, having it extensively rebuilt complete with outdoor bowling lanes, bowling alone essay, indoor tennis court, jousting tiltyard, and cockfighting pit.
Protestant Reformation founder Martin Luther set the number of pins which varied from 3 to 17 at nine. On 19 JulyEnglish Vice-Admiral Sir Francis Drake allegedly was playing bowls at Plymouth Hoe when the arrival of the Spanish Armada was announced, replying "We have time enough to finish the game and beat the Spaniards too.
InDutch East India Company explorer Henry Hudson discovered Hudson Baybringing Dutch colonization to New Amsterdam later New York ; Hudson's men brought some form of lawn bowling bowling alone essay them. InEnglish King James I published Declaration of Sportsbanning bowling on Sundays but permitting dancing and archery for those first attending an Anglican bowling alone essay, outraging Puritans; it was reissued in by his successor Charles Ithen ordered publicly burned in by the Puritan Bowling alone essay. InDutchmen liked to bowl at the Old King's Arms Tavern near modern-day 2nd and Broadway in New York City.
InBowling Green in New York City was built on the site of a Dutch cattle market and parade bowling alone essay, becoming the city's oldest public park to survive to modern times. A painting from around shows British bowlers playing a bowling sport outdoors. Bowling alone essay shows a triangular formation of ten pins chronologically before it appeared in the United States.
InNew York writer Washington Irving made the first mention bowling alone essay ninepin bowling in American literature in his story Rip Van Winkle, bowling alone essay. Newspaper articles and advertisements at least as early as [17] bowling alone essay to "ten pin alleys", usually in the context of a side attraction to a main business or property [20] [21] [22] [23] as distinguished from dedicated "bowling alley" establishments as presently understood.
On 1 JanuaryKnickerbocker Alleys in New York City opened, becoming the first indoor bowling alley. Inthe oldest surviving bowling lanes in the United States were built as part of Roseland Cottagebowling alone essay, the summer estate of Henry Chandler Bowen in Woodstock, bowling alone essay, Connecticut. The lanes, bowling alone essay, now part of Historic New England's Roseland Cottage House Museum contain Gothic Revival architectural elements in keeping with the style of the entire estate.
Inthe Revolutions of resulted in accelerated German immigration to the U. Inthe Scottish Bowling Association for lawn bowling was founded in Scotland by clubs; it was dissolved then refounded in InGlasgow cotton merchant William Wallace Mitchell — published Manual of Bowls Playingwhich became a standard reference for lawn bowling in Scotland, bowling alone essay.
Inthe National Bowling Association NBA was founded by 27 local clubs in New York City to standardize rules for ten-pin bowling, setting the ball size and the distance between the foul line and the pins, but failing to agree on other rules; it was superseded in by the American Bowling Congress. InJustin White bowling alone essay Worcester, Massachusetts invented Candlepin Bowling. In the s, Brunswick Corporation founded of ChicagoIllinoismaker of billiard tables began making bowling balls, pins, and wooden lanes to sell to taverns installing bowling alleys.
On 9 Septemberthe modern standardized rules for ten-pin bowling were established in New York City by the new American Bowling Congress ABC later the United States Bowling Congresswho changed the scoring system from a maximum points for 20 balls to a maximum points for 12 balls, and set the maximum ball weight at 16 lb 7. The first ABC champion — was Jimmy Smith — Floretta "Doty" McCutcheon — defeated Smith in an exhibition match, founding a school that taughtwomen how to bowl.
In the ABC merged with the Women's International Bowling Congress WIBC et al. to become the United States Bowling Congress USBC, bowling alone essay. In the early s, bowling alone essay, Duckpin bowling was invented in Boston, Massachusettsspreading to Baltimore, Maryland about Inthe English Bowling Association was founded by cricketer W.
On 1 Januaryit merged with the English Women's Bowling Association to become Bowls England. InD. Peifer of Chicago, Illinois invented a handicap method for bowling. InRubber Duckpin bowling was invented by Willam Wuerthele of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvaniabowling alone essay, catching on in Quebec, Canada.
The ABC initially used bowling balls made of Lignum vitae hardwood from the Caribbeanwhich were eventually supplanted by the Ebonite rubber bowling ball in and the Brunswick Mineralite rubber ball [34] by Rules for target bowls evolved separately in each bowling alone essay the other countries that adopted the predominantly British game. Inthe International Bowling Board was formed; [37] its constitution adopted the laws of the Scottish Bowling Association, with variations allowed at the individual country level.
In Septemberthe Victorian Ladies' Bowling Association was founded in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia bowling alone essay, becoming the world's first women's lawn bowling association. Inthe now-oldest surviving bowling alley for the tenpin sport was opened in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in the basement of the Holler House tavern, containing the oldest sanctioned lanes in the United States.
Inthe first ten-pin bowling alley in Europe was installed in Sweden, but the game failed to catch on in the rest of Europe until after World War II. Meanwhile, ten-pin bowling caught on in Great Britain after hundreds of bowling lanes were installed on U. military bases during World War II. Inthe monthly Bowlers Journal was founded in Chicago, Illinois, continuing to publish to the present day.
In latethe Women's International Bowling Congress originally the Woman's National Bowling Association was founded in Saint Louis, Missourimerging with the United States Bowling Congress in In — Prohibition in the U. caused bowling alleys to disassociate from saloons, turning bowling into a family game and encouraging women bowlers.
On 2 October bowling alone essay, the annual Petersen Open Bowling Tournament a, bowling alone essay. The Pete was first held in Chicago, Illinois, becoming bowling's richest tournament of the day. Init was taken over by AMF. Inthe International Bowling Association IBA was formed by the United States, Bowling alone essay, Germany, Netherlands, and Finland, holding four world championships by On 21 Marchthe National Bowling Writers Association was founded in Peoria, Illinoisby four bowling journalists; it changed its name in to the Bowling Writers Association of America, bowling alone essay.
In Augustthe National Negro Bowling Association was founded in DetroitMichigandropping Negro from the title in and opening membership to all races. It reached 30, members in Inthe Bowling Proprietors Association of America BPAA held its first BPAA All-Star tournament, bowling alone essay. Inbowling alone essay, the Australian Women's Bowling Council was founded. It held the first Australian women's national lawn bowling championship in Sydney inwhich was won by Mrs. Cranley of Queensland.
On 18 Aprilthe Professional Women Bowling Writers PWBW was founded in Dallas, Texasadmitting men in On 1 Januaryit merged with the Bowling Writers Association of America. Infollowing extensive lobbying by civil rights groups in the wake of the integration of Major League Baseballbowling alone essay, the American Bowling Congress opened its membership to African Americans and other minorities.
Aboutthe Golden Age of Ten-Pin Bowling began, in which professional bowlers made salaries rivaling those of baseball, football, and hockey players; this ended in the late s. Inthe first ABC Masters tournament was held, becoming one of the four majors by Inthe Fédération Internationale des Quilleurs FIQ was founded in Hamburg, Germanyto coordinate international amateur competition in nine-pin and ten-pin bowling. Inthe first FIQ World Bowling Championships were held in Helsinki, Finland.
Inthe International Olympic Committee recognized it as the official world governing body for bowling. It changed its name to World Bowling in InAmerican Machine and Foundry AMF of Brooklyn, bowling alone essay, N. This eliminated the need for pinboys and caused bowling to rocket in popularity, making the s the Decade of the Bowler.
InSteve Nagy became the first person to bowl a perfect game on TV on NBC-TV's "Championship Bowling". Inthe Professional Bowlers Association PBA was founded in Akron, Ohio by 33 prominent bowlers including Don Carterbowling alone essay, Dick WeberDick HooverBuzz Faziobowling alone essay, Billy WeluCarmen Salvino and Glenn Allison after they listened to a presentation by sports agent Eddie Elias, bowling alone essay.
The PBA eventually reached about 4, bowling alone essay, members in 14 countries worldwide. Init bowling alone essay purchased by former executives of Microsoftwho moved the PBA headquarters to Seattle, Washington.
On 28 Novemberthe first PBA Championship in Memphis, Tennessee was won by Don Carter.
How U.S. history could provide a path out of polarization
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Essay Examples. Below are the essays referenced in this tool. They’re good ones to read, as they illustrate a lot of the concepts shared in this guide that you can use for your essay. It was surreal: a girl from the ghetto traveling alone around the world with a map in her hands and no man or cultural standards could dictate what I was to We value excellent academic writing and strive to provide outstanding essay writing service each and every time you place an order. We write essays, research papers, term papers, course works, reviews, theses and more, so our primary mission is to help you succeed academically Boston College Essay Prompt. All applicants, except those applying for the Human-Centered Engineering (HCE) major, should respond to one of prompts # listed blogger.comts applying to the HCE major must respond to prompt #6 only. The writing supplement topics for the application cycle ( word limit)
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